A rare view of the Milky Way above Marina Bay, Singapore. Credits: Justin Ng

The Asian space scene is, first and foremost, a competition between three established space powers: India, China, and Japan, with a South Korean challenger. These nations, armed with ambitious space programs, have propelled Asia to the forefront of the global space scene. Yet, amidst this network of collaboration and competition, ASEAN’s space opportunities are progressing as member states build space programs of their own. 

While developing countries have traditionally prioritized other pursuits than space exploration, the ASEAN states have exhibited a burgeoning interest in space. Situated advantageously, thanks to their proximity to the equator and large bodies of water, the ASEAN states find themselves geographically poised to become prominent space powers in their own right. Collaborating closely with other Asian nations, these countries have demonstrated their capabilities to harness scientific progress and technological advancements. However the scarcity of space collaboration among ASEAN member states themselves is striking.

Comparisons have often been drawn between ASEAN and the European Union (EU), as both regional blocs strive for regional integration and development. Europe, with its collaborative approach, boasts a well-established space program in the form of the European Space Agency (ESA). Considering this parallel, it becomes imperative to ponder whether ASEAN should follow suit and forge its own unified path towards the stars.

This article delves into the rationale behind advocating for the creation of an ASEAN space program. By examining the current space landscape in Asia, the interest shown by ASEAN states, their unique geographic advantage, and drawing parallels to the EU’s successful model, we shed light on the tremendous potential waiting to be unlocked within the ASEAN cosmos.

Why ASEAN Countries Invest in Space Programs

While it is true that space programs come with a substantial price tag, often prompting concerns about the opportunity cost for developing nations, ASEAN countries have embraced the transformative power of space exploration and made compelling cases for investing their resources in this extraordinary endeavor. Space programs can serve a variety of purposes in ASEAN, recognizing that different goals resonate with each country individually.

Communications: The Gateway to Development

In an era where connectivity reigns supreme, establishing robust communication networks is paramount to driving development. ASEAN countries recognize that by launching their own satellites, they can secure reliable access to internet services and data/telephone connectivity, bypassing the need to lease satellite slots from external providers. A prime example of this approach is seen in Laos, which launched its first satellite, LAOSAT-1, to bridge the digital divide and enhance connectivity for its population. Communications satellite tend to be the first type of satellite developing ASEAN states launch, serving as an entry point into the space scene for those countries. 

Earth Observation: Safeguarding Lives and Resources

The ability to observe our planet from space is invaluable to manage critical resources and safeguard lives. ASEAN countries understand the significance of earth observation for a multitude of purposes, ranging from monitoring crops and fisheries to predicting and responding to natural disasters. For instance, the Philippines, initially hesitant due to cost concerns, experienced a change of heart following the devastating impact of Typhoon Haiyan. Recognizing the indispensable role of space-based earth observation, the country reversed its decision and embarked on collaborations to enhance its capacity in this crucial field. Through earth observation initiatives, ASEAN nations strive to mitigate risks, strengthen resilience, and ensure sustainable development within their respective territories.

Technological Development: A Gateway to Innovation

Behind every space program lies an entire ecosystem of technological advancement and economic potential. By investing in indigenous satellite manufacturing capabilities and building ground stations, ASEAN countries unleash a wave of innovation that reverberates far beyond the confines of space. Singapore, for instance, has adopted a proactive space policy, nurturing a cluster of space technology firms that generate jobs and foster cross-sectoral applications. Meanwhile, Vietnam and Thailand contemplate the establishment of a tourist spaceport on Phu Quoc, showcasing their vision to leverage space tourism for economic growth and technological advancements. The dividends of such investments extend beyond space exploration, catalyzing advancements in diverse industries and positioning ASEAN nations at the forefront of innovation.

National Pride: Igniting Patriotism and Inspiring Generations

Space achievements have a remarkable ability to ignite patriotism, instill national pride, and inspire future generations. ASEAN countries understand that building indigenous satellites, commemorating space milestones on postage stamps, and proudly displaying national symbolism in their space programs all contribute to the fabric of nation-building. The Philippines Space Agency, for instance, explicitly upholds the mission to foster patriotism and nationalism. By venturing into space, ASEAN nations symbolize their aspirations, embody their collective identity, and forge a sense of unity and purpose among their citizens.

In embracing space programs, ASEAN countries chart a course that intertwines economic growth, technological prowess, and national aspirations. 

Paving the Way for Regional Space Institutions

Within the ASEAN framework, efforts have been made to foster space collaboration through the establishment of the ASEAN Committee on Science, Technology, and Innovation (COSTI) Subcommittee on Space Technology and Application (SCOSA) in 1997. 

SCOSA operates as a communication forum, facilitating discussions and exchanges related to space activities among ASEAN member states. Its primary purpose lies in promoting cooperation, sharing information, and facilitating joint projects in the field of space. However, it does not possess the authority to design and develop its own spacecraft or conduct independent space operations. Instead, SCOSA’s focus lies on encouraging collaboration among individuals, institutions, and organizations with an interest in space exploration.

Unlike the European Space Agency (ESA), which operates as an independent agency, SCOSA functions as a subcommittee of the ASEAN Committee on Science, Technology, and Innovation (COSTI). This means that SCOSA’s activities are aligned with the broader agenda set by COSTI and the ASEAN Plan of Action on Science, Technology, and Innovation (APASTI) for 2016-2025. While this structure promotes coordination and integration of space-related initiatives within the ASEAN framework, it also implies that SCOSA’s scope of action is subject to the priorities and funding allocated by the broader committee.

This is compounded by the optional nature of funding. While member states have the option to contribute to SCOSA’s budget, the absence of a mandatory funding mechanism often results in limited financial resources for the subcommittee. Insufficient funding hampers SCOSA’s ability to execute ambitious projects and inhibits its potential to develop into a fully operational regional space agency. As a result, member states may find it more enticing to pursue their own space programs or seek alternative avenues of collaboration, thereby diverting attention and resources away from SCOSA’s endeavors.

Advantages and Opportunities of a Regional Space Program

Compelling reasons emerge for the establishment of a collaborative regional space program. Shared interests, the potential for resource pooling, the opportunity to enhance regional collaboration, and the interest expressed by foreign stakeholders all present a compelling case for ASEAN member states to unite their efforts in the pursuit of a collective cosmic endeavor.

Common Interests and Challenges

ASEAN space programs share commonalities in their focus on satellite technology, with an emphasis on communications and earth observation capabilities. The challenges they seek to address, such as connectivity gaps, natural disasters, and agricultural monitoring, transcend the boundaries of individual states. By working together, ASEAN nations can leverage their collective expertise and resources to develop more comprehensive solutions that benefit the entire region. Collaboration in space exploration allows for knowledge sharing, synergistic efforts, and the exchange of best practices, enabling ASEAN to collectively tackle challenges that extend beyond national borders.

Pooling Resources for Greater Impact

The economies of scale inherent in a collaborative regional space program hold immense potential for small countries with limited resources. By pooling their financial, technological, and human resources, ASEAN member states can achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness in space-related endeavors. Collaborative initiatives allow for the sharing of infrastructure, research, and development costs, leading to significant cost savings and resource optimization. Through the collective investment in a regional space program, ASEAN nations can maximize their impact, attaining capabilities that may have been unattainable individually.

Boosting Regional Collaboration and Integration

The establishment of a regional space program presents an opportunity to enhance collaboration and strengthen the ties within ASEAN. By working together, member states can deepen regional integration efforts and accelerate progress toward the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the realization of a common job market. The pooling of talent, resources, and expertise in the space sector can foster cross-border collaboration, stimulate innovation, and propel ASEAN’s collective progress in science, technology, and economic development. A regional space program becomes a catalyst for tighter ASEAN links, as nations align their goals and aspirations toward a shared cosmic vision.

Interest from Foreign Stakeholders

Foreign stakeholders have recognized the potential of an integrated ASEAN space program and industry. In May 2023, Nakamura Yuya, the CEO of Axelspace Japan, called for a cohesive ASEAN space program, highlighting the benefits that would arise from regional collaboration and integration. Calls for an ASEAN space program have also emerged in local media from early 2023. Foreign and domestic interest and support provide an additional impetus for ASEAN member states to explore the possibilities of collective space exploration, attracting expertise, investment, and collaboration opportunities from outside the region. Such alliances can bring valuable technological advancements, financial resources, and international recognition to ASEAN’s burgeoning space endeavors.

By forging a regional space program, ASEAN member states would embark on a transformative journey that transcends national boundaries and embraces the collective aspirations of the region. It is an opportunity to harness the power of unity, innovation, and shared goals to propel ASEAN to the forefront of global space exploration. As foreign stakeholders express interest and opportunities for collaboration abound, the time is ripe for ASEAN to seize this moment, working hand in hand to shape its own cosmic destiny and secure a brighter future for its nations and peoples.

Navigating Challenges to an ASEAN Space Program

Despite the colossal potential of an ASEAN space agences, such an initiative could face headwinds: Competing interests, potential loss of national pride, and the question of whether ASEAN is the appropriate forum for a collective space program all merit careful consideration as we envision the future of regional space exploration.

Balancing Competing Interests

The diverse composition of ASEAN, with larger and smaller member states, may present challenges in balancing competing interests within a collective space program. Larger members might perceive limitations on their capabilities and ambitions, while smaller members might fear being overshadowed or overlooked in such an endeavor. Striking a balance that ensures equitable participation and benefits for all member states becomes essential to foster unity and prevent fragmentation within the ASEAN space program.

Maintaining National Pride

The pursuit of a collective ASEAN space program raises questions about the potential impact on the national pride component inherent in individual space programs. Space achievements often evoke a sense of national pride, serving as symbols of a nation’s technological prowess and ambition. The challenge lies in preserving this element of pride and enthusiasm within a regional program. Governments and public opinions may be less enthusiastic about funding and supporting a shared space initiative, fearing a dilution of their national identity and accomplishments. Overcoming this challenge requires a delicate balance between collective collaboration and honoring the unique contributions and aspirations of each ASEAN member state.

Appropriate Forum for Collaboration

Considering the existing landscape of intra-ASEAN cooperation, it is worth examining whether ASEAN is the most suitable forum for a common space program. ASEAN states actively engage in space collaboration with other Asian powers such as India, China, and Japan, and participate in various regional space forums like the Super Constellation, Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), and Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF). The abundance of collaboration with external partners contrasts with the paucity of intra-ASEAN space cooperation. Therefore, a critical question arises: Is ASEAN the most effective platform to foster a unified space program, or should alternative models be explored to maximize regional space exploration and cooperation?

To overcome these challenges, a strategic and inclusive approach is necessary. ASEAN member states must engage in open and transparent dialogues to address concerns, foster understanding, and build consensus. Flexibility and adaptability should be key principles in designing a collective space program that accommodates the diverse interests and aspirations of all member states. Additionally, efforts should be made to preserve national pride by highlighting the unique contributions and achievements of each nation within the framework of regional collaboration.

Moreover, it may be beneficial to explore models of cooperation beyond ASEAN, leveraging existing regional space forums and partnerships to foster a comprehensive and dynamic approach to space exploration. By tapping into the expertise and resources of external collaborators while maintaining a strong ASEAN identity, member states can strike a balance between regional cooperation and global engagement.

While challenges certainly exist, they can be overcome with visionary leadership, effective communication, and a shared commitment to the greater collective goals of ASEAN. By addressing these challenges head-on, ASEAN member states can navigate the complexities and chart a course towards a unified and impactful ASEAN space program that elevates the region’s position in the global space arena.

Charting the Course: Potential Solutions and a Promising Future

Recent developments, such as the joint Thai and Vietnamese project for space tourism on Phu Quoc and rising coverage in local media indicate a growing momentum towards intra-ASEAN cooperation and discussions of a unified regional space initiative. As ASEAN member states continue to progress in their individual space programs and collaborate more closely, potential solutions emerge, offering a glimpse into a promising future of regional space exploration.

Establishing an Independent Space Agency

One potential solution lies in the establishment of an independent ASEAN Space Agency that possesses the authority and resources to address financing challenges and effectively distribute projects based on the strengths and capabilities of each member state. This would allow for a more equitable distribution of responsibilities, resources, and benefits, fostering a sense of ownership and inclusivity among ASEAN nations. By centralizing decision-making and resource allocation, an independent agency can streamline processes, accelerate progress, and overcome hurdles that individual member states may face in their space programs.

Creating an Integrated Space Market

Another avenue worth exploring is the creation of an integrated space market within ASEAN. This would involve harmonizing regulations, standardizing procedures, and facilitating the free flow of space-related goods, services, and investments across member states. By leveraging the principles of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), an integrated space market would unlock the potential for synergistic collaboration, economies of scale, and expanded market opportunities. Such integration would encourage specialization, resource sharing, and technology transfer among ASEAN nations, bolstering the region’s overall competitiveness and ensuring the sustained growth of the ASEAN space sector.

A Question on the Rise

The discussions surrounding an ASEAN space program are relatively recent but are expected to gain more prominence in the future as intra-ASEAN collaboration accelerates and member states continue to make progress in their respective space programs. The evolving landscape presents an opportune moment to assess the feasibility, benefits, and challenges of a unified regional space initiative. The collective efforts and engagement of ASEAN member states, supported by visionary leadership and a commitment to common goals, can pave the way for a more comprehensive and impactful ASEAN space program.

In conclusion, the vision of an ASEAN space program holds great promise for the region. As intra-ASEAN cooperation picks up pace and discussions gain momentum, potential solutions such as establishing an independent space agency and creating an integrated space market provide tangible pathways to address the challenges that lie ahead. By harnessing the strengths, expertise, and resources of member states, ASEAN can forge a path towards a unified, collaborative, and impactful presence in the cosmic frontier. The journey may be challenging, but with steadfast commitment and collective determination, ASEAN stands poised to unlock the boundless potential that awaits beyond our earthly confines.